ICAO’s competency‑based framework lists nine core pilot competencies that cover everything from technical knowledge to teamwork and workload handling.
application of knowledge (kno)
Pilots must understand aircraft systems, performance limits, weather and regulations well enough to apply that theory to real‑time situations.
application of procedures and compliance (pro)
Executing checklists, standard operating procedures and regulatory requirements correctly, while knowing when a safe deviation is warranted, is essential.
communication (com)
Clear, concise exchange of information with crew, ATC, cabin staff and maintenance, using standard phraseology and confirming messages, prevents misunderstandings.
flight‑path management, automation (fpa)
Managing the aircraft’s trajectory with autopilot and flight‑management systems, including mode selection, monitoring and timely disengagement, is a distinct skill set.
flight‑path management, manual control (fpm)
When the autopilot is off, pilots must steer, trim and power the aircraft accurately, maintaining precision during climbs, descents and approaches.
leadership and teamwork (ltw)
Effective crew coordination, delegation, and creating a psychologically safe environment enable all members to contribute to safe decision‑making.
problem solving and decision‑making (psd)
Identifying a problem, gathering data, consulting resources such as the QRH, weighing alternatives and monitoring outcomes constitute sound decision processes.
situation awareness and information management (saw)
Maintaining an up‑to‑date mental model of aircraft state, position, weather and traffic, and anticipating changes, is critical for proactive control.
workload management (wlm)
Prioritising tasks, distributing duties between pilot flying and pilot monitoring, and avoiding cognitive overload keep performance stable under pressure.
how the competencies fit together
These nine areas form three clusters—technical, cognitive and interpersonal—that ICAO uses to design training, evaluate performance and guide recurrent checks. Mastery of each cluster improves overall safety and resilience.